Bisphenol A ELISA
产品名称：Bisphenol A ELISA
产 地：Demeditec
产品货号：JP27766
产品规格：96 Tests
产品说明：
Special remarks: This kit is based on a competitive ELISA using microplates coated with anti-rabbit IgG. The specific BPA-antiserum is present in limited concentration and binds to the anti-rabbit IgG on the plate during the incubation. Due to the limited number of binding sites there is a competition between BPA from the sample and labelled BPA. Therefore the final signal (OD) is reversly related to the concentration of BPA in the sample and the standard curve decreases.
This BPA testkit has been developed and validated for the measurement of BPA in human serum and plasma from the patient on dialysis. Nevertheless this kit also can be used for the measurement of BPA in any other sample material. But so far there are no validation data available for any other sample material.
Bisphenol A (BPA), principal raw material for epoxy resins and polycarbonate is suspected as one of the endocrine disrupting chemicals. BPA is a chemical building block for making polycarbonate plastic used for food containers and feeding bottles, which touches mouths directly, and is also used in production of epoxy resins for food and beverage can linings. In Japan, more than 0.48 million tons of BPA are produced each year and the water survey report from ministry of the wnvironment says that there is 0.11µg/L of BPA in rivers. So, we are anxious about the adversely impact for aquatic organisms and ecosystems. Vom Saal reported that in pregnant mice dosed at 2 µg per kg of body weight with a level of 1/25 of the threshold limit value per day, the prostate of the male offspring was enlarged. This product is made for research use only by measuring BPA in serum of plasma; it is based on an ELISA using anti-rabbit IgG antibody coated solid-phase method.
Health effects
Bisphenol A has a low acute toxicity, with an oral LD50 of 3250 mg/kg in rats. However, bisphenol A is an endocrine disruptor: it is an estrogen receptor agonist, and such agonists can act like the body's own hormones, leading to similar physiological effects on the body. There is thus concern that long term low dose exposure to bisphenol A may induce chronic toxicity in humans.
Endocrine disruption
The first evidence of the estrogenicity of bisphenol A came from experiments in the 1930s in which it was fed to ovariectomized rats, but it was not until 1997 that adverse effects of low-dose exposure on laboratory animals were first reported. Since then, its endocrine disrupting properties have been extensively investigated, and more than 100 studies have been published raising health concerns about the chemical. Early development appears to be the period of greatest sensitivity to its effects, and studies have demonstrated developmental toxicity, carcinogenic effects, and possible neurotoxicity at low doses in animal models. This is troubling because BPA was found in approximately 90% of urine samples in Americans studied. Recent studies suggest it may also be linked to obesity by triggering fat-cell activity and have confirmed that bisphenol A exposure during development has carcinogenic effects and produce precursors of breast cancer. However, neither the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency nor the International Agency for Research on Cancer have evaluated Bisphenol A for possible carcinogenic activity.
In 2007, a consensus statement by 38 experts on bisphenol A concluded that average levels in people are above those that cause harm to animals in laboratory experiments, and a panel convened by the U.S. National Institutes of Health determined that there was "some concern" about BPA's effects on fetal and infant brain development and behavior. A 2008 draft report by the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP) agreed with the panel, concluding that "there is some concern for neural and behavioral effects in fetuses, infants, and children at current human exposures," and that there is "some concern for bisphenol A exposure in these populations based on effects in the prostate gland, mammary gland, and an earlier age for puberty in females." The NTP also concluded that there is negligible concern that "exposure of pregnant women to bisphenol A will result in fetal or neonatal mortality, birth defects or reduced birth weight and growth in their offspring" or that it causes adverse effects in exposed *****s.
In April 2008, the Health Canada released its Draft Screening Assessment for bisphenol A, which concluded that the chemical may pose some risk to infants and proposed classifying the chemical as 'toxic' to human health and the environment. This action follows Canadian regulators selection of bisphenol A in 2006 as one of 200 substances deserving of thorough safety assessments because preliminary studies had found it to be "inherently toxic"; the chemical had not previously been studied by them in depth, having been accepted under grandfather clauses when stricter regulations were passed in the 1980s.
In contrast to the recent actions in North America, in January 2006 the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment announced that polycarbonate baby bottles are safe and stated that published research on the health effects of Bisphenol A is "difficult to interpret and is occasionally contradictory". An assessment released later that year by the European Union’s Food Safety Authority reached a similar conclusion, expressing "considerable reservations" about the biological significance and robustness of the low-dose exposure studies on rodents. In 2007 Japan also concluded that for individuals in that country, "the current exposure levels of BPA will not pose any unacceptable risk to human health that a ban is not needed."
Some toxicologists and regulatory agencies have criticized low-dose toxicity studies, especially those that involved injecting bisphenol A directly into animals, since human exposures typically involve ingestion and subsequent metabolism in the liver, and the experimental design of a few of these early studies has also been questioned. On the other hand, studies have also appeared pointing out flaws in chemical industry funded studies that found no evidence of adverse effects from low dose exposure, and a study from 2008 concluded that blood levels of bisphenol A in neonatal mice are the same whether it is injected or ingested.
Human exposure to bisphenol A
Bisphenol A has been known to leach from the plastic lining of canned foods and, to a lesser degree, polycarbonate plastics that are cleaned with harsh detergents or used to contain acidic or high-temperature liquids. Studies by the CDC found bisphenol A in the urine of 95% of *****s sampled in 1988-1994 and in 93% of children and *****s tested in 2003-04. Almost all exposure is through diet, and infants fed with liquid formula are among the most exposed. Infants fed canned formula with polycarbonate bottles can consume quantities of bisphenol A up to 13 µg/kg/day, while the most sensitive animal studies show effects at much lower concentrations. Debate continues on what is the safe limit of this compound. Within the United States, an exposure of up to 50 µg/kg/day (50 ppb/day) is considered safe by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Dr. Maida Galvez, a pediatrician studying BPA, recommends parents stay away from bottles containing the chemical and says, "We know the animal studies raise concerns, but there aren't human studies showing effects yet ... so, when we don't have the evidence, what we recommend is that parents try to err on the side of caution.
Government and industry response
On April 18, 2008 Canadian Health Minister Tony Clement announced that Canada intends to ban the import, sale, and advertising of polycarbonate baby bottles containing bisphenol A over concerns of the safety of bisphenol A. While Health Canada concluded that human exposures are less than the levels deemed to be potentially unsafe, the margin of safety was considered too low for formula-fed infants. Around the same time, Wal-Mart announced that it was immediately ceasing sales in all its Canadian stores of food containers, water and baby bottles, sippy cups, and pacifiers containing bisphenol A, and that it would phase out baby bottles made with it in U.S. stores by early 2009. Nalgene also announced it will stop using the chemical in its products, and Toys-R-Us said it too will cease selling baby bottles made from it. Subsequent news reports showed many retailers removing polycarbonate drinking products from their shelves.
As of the release of NTP and Health Canada reports, 10 U.S. states, including California, Maryland, Connecticut and New Jersey, already had legislation pending that would affect the use of BPA, and in the wake of these reports, U.S. Senator Charles Schumer (D–N.Y.) introduced legislation that would ban bisphenol A nationally from products for infants. In addition, the U.S. Congress is investigating the Weinberg Group, a chemical industry consulting firm, for its role in downplaying the health effects of bisphenol A and other chemicals, and the Energy and Commerce Committee in the House of Representatives is investigating its use in baby products as well as the FDA's approval of the chemical. In asking the FDA to reassess its approval of bisphenol A, committee chairman Bart Stupak (D–Mich.) said "We would expect the FDA to make decisions based on the best available science… Yet the FDA relied on only two industry-funded studies, while other respected authorities used all available data to reach vastly different conclusions." While the FDA has set up a task force to address these concerns, it maintains that bisphenol A is safe and is not recommending that people avoid using products made from it. The Consumer Product Safety Commission agrees, and its deputy director has stressed that use of bisphenol A based plastics have many practical benefits, and that "a ban could result in less effective protection of children from head, eye, or bodily injury."
In response to the recent events, an American Chemistry Council (ACC)/BPA Global Group spokesman said, “The weight of scientific evidence, as assessed by Health Canada and other agencies around the world, provides reassurance that consumers can continue to safely use products made from bisphenol A." The ACC says that bisphenol A does not pose a risk to consumers and has called on the Food and Drug Administration to review the chemical. The ACC also called the media coverage of the controversy "unnecessarily confusing and frightening the public." The Grocery Manufacturers Association also insists that bisphenol A is safe, and argues that "Data purporting to demonstrate 'low' dose effects on the male reproductive system by BPA have not been successfully replicated and, therefore, are not credible to estimate human health risks and safety in light of the weight of a large body of evidence to the contrary." A spokesman for the tin can industry has said that without lining cans with bisphenol A based resins, E. coli and botulism poisoning would be "rampant." An industry website Bisphenol-a.org also carries a number of articles dated as recently as February 2008 claiming the use of Polycarbonate water bottles is safe.
The chemical industry has been criticized over bisphenol A by Democrats and their allies. David Michaels, who served in the Clinton Administration, told the Washington Post that "Tobacco figured this out, and essentially it's the same model … If you fight the science, you're able to postpone regulation and victim compensation, as well. As in this case, eventually the science becomes overwhelming. But if you can get five or 10 years of avoiding pollution control or production of chemicals, you've greatly increased your product."
In the U.S. retail sector, growing concern over bisphenol A exposure had already led a number of retailers to stop using bisphenol A, particularly chains promoting healthy food and lifestyles. In 2005, Patagonia Inc. ceased selling polycarbonate bottles, and in 2006, Whole Foods Markets ceased selling baby bottles as did Mountain Equipment Co-op in 2007.
The city of San Francisco, California, banned the sale of baby bottles and other products for young children containing bisphenol A effective December 2006, and was, at the time, the only jurisdiction in the world to outright forbid the substance. The ban was never enforced, and in May 2007 the city repealed the ban.
On February 22, 2008, Carole Migden and Don Perata introduced SB1713, a California bill to ban bisphenol A statewide. The American Chemistry Council responded with a campaign to oppose it.
Environmental risk
As an environmental contaminant this compound interferes with nitrogen fixation at the roots of leguminous plants associated with the bacterial symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Despite a half-life in the soil of only 1–10 days, its ubiquity makes it an important pollutant. According to Health Canada, "initial assessment shows that at low levels, bisphenol A can harm fish and organisms over time. Studies also indicate that it can currently be found in municipal wastewater."
上海玉博生物技术有限公司在为生命科学领域提供丰富的产品与信息资源方面处于国内**地位，公司提供的产品涵盖了二十多个国家近五十万种产品，而且产品的数量与信息在不断的增长和更新，公司提供的产品能够使生命科学工作者加快对生物化学，分子生物学，细胞生物学以及蛋白质组学研究的认知，以及分子诊断和临床医学领域的应用。
